The Book on Business

An-Numan bin Bashir narrated that the Messenger of Allah (S) said: "The lawful is clear and the unlawful is clear, and between that are matters that are doubtful (not clear); many of the people do not know whether it is lawful or unlawful. So whoever leaves it to protect his religion and his honor, then he will be safe, and whoever falls into something from them, then he soon will have fallen into the unlawful. Just like if someone grazes (his animals) around a sanctuary, he would soon wind up in it. Indeed for every king is a sanctuary (pasture), and indeed Allah's sanctuary is what He made unlawful."

Another chain of narration from the Prophet (ﷺ) and its meaning is similarAbu 'Eisa said: This Hadith is Hasan Sahih, it has been reported by more than one from Ash-Sha'bi, from An-Nu'man bin Bashir.

Ibn Mas'ud narrated: "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) cursed the one who consumed Riba, and the one who charged it, those who witnessed it, and the one who recorded it."He said: There are narrations on this topic from 'Umar, 'Ali, Jabir [and Abu Juhaifah].The Hadith of 'Abdullah (bin Mas'ud) is a Hasan Sahih Hadith.

Anas narrated that the Prophet (ﷺ) said about the major sins: "Associating partners with Allah, disobeying parents, killing oneself, and false speech."He said: There are narrations on this topic from Abu Bakrah, Ayman bin Khuraim, and Ibn 'UmarAbu 'Eisa said: The Hadith of Anas is a Hasan Sahih Gharib Hadith.

Abu Wa'il narrated that Qais bin Abi Gharazah said: "The Messenger of Allah (S) came to us, and we were what was called 'brokers,' he said: 'O people of trade! Indeed the Shaitan and sin are present in the sale, so mix your sales with charity.'" He said: There are narrations on this topic from Al-Bara' bin 'Azib and Rifa'ah.[Abu 'Eisa said:] The Hadith of Qais bin Abi Gharazah (a narrator) is a Hasan Sahih Hadith.Mansur, Al-A'mash, Habib bin Abi Thabit and others reported it from Abu Wa'il, from Qais bin Abi Gharzah, from the Prophet (ﷺ). We do not know of anything from the Prophet (ﷺ) narrated by Qais other than this.

(Another chain of narration) from Qais bin Abi Gharzah, from the Prophet (ﷺ), and it is similar in meaning, and there are narrations on this topic from Al-Bara' bin 'Azib and Rifa'ah.[Abu 'Eisa said: ] This Hadith is Sahih.

Abu Sa'eed narrated that the Prophet (ﷺ) said: "The truthful, trustworthy merchant is with the Prophets, the truthful, and the martyrs." [Abu 'Eisa said:] This Hadith is Hasan, we do not know it except from this route, a narration of Ath-Thawri from Abu Hamzah. Abu Hamzah's name is 'Abdullah bin Jabir, and he is a Shaikh from Al-Basrah.

(Another chain) from Abu Hamzah, with this chain of narration, and it is similar.

Narrated Isma'il bin 'Ubaid bin Rifa'ah: From his father, from his grandfather, that he went with the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) to the Musalla, and he saw the people doing business so he said: 'O people of trade!' and they replied to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) turning their necks and their gazes towards him, and he said: Indeed the merchants will be resurrected on the Day of judgement with the wicked, except the one who has Taqwa of Allah, who behaves charitably and is truthful.'"[Abu 'Eisa said:] This Hadith is Hasan Sahih. And they also say Isma'il bin 'Ubaidullah bin Rifa'ah.

Narrated Abu Dharr: That the Prophet (ﷺ) said: "There are three whom Allah will not look at on the Day of Judgement, nor will He purify them, and theirs is a painful punishment." We said: "Who are they O Messenger of Allah ? For they have indeed failed and are lost!" He sai: "The Mannan, the one whose Izar hangs (below the ankels) and the one who promotes his merchandise with false oath." [He said:] There are narrations on this topic from Ibn Mas'ud, Abu Hurairah, Abu Umamah bin Tha'labah, 'Imran bin Husain, and Ma'qil bin Yasar[Abu 'Eisa said:] The Hadith of Abu Dharr is a Hasan Sahih Hadith.

Narrated 'Umarah bin Hadid: From Shakr Al-Ghamidi that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "O Allah bless my Ummah in what they do early (in the day)." He said: "Whenever he (ﷺ) would dispatch a military expedition or an army, he would send them in the first part of the day."And Sakhr, a man who was a merchant, used to send his goods for trade during the beginning of the day, so he became rich, and his wealth increased.[He said:] There are narrations on this topic from 'Ali, Buraidah, Ibn Mas'ud, Anas, Ibn 'Umar, Ibn 'Abbas, and Jabir.[Abu 'Eisa said:] The Hadith is Sakhr Al-Ghamidi is a Hasan Hadith. We do not know of a narration that Sakhr Al-Ghamidi reported from the Prophet (ﷺ) other than this Hadith. Sufyan Ath-Thawri reported this Hadith from Shu'bah, from Ya'la bin 'Ata.

Narrated Ibn 'Abbas: "The Prophet (ﷺ) died while his armour was pawned for twenty Sa' of food that he got for his family."[Abu 'Eisa said:] This Hadith is Hasan Sahih.

Narrated Anas: I walked to the Prophet (ﷺ) with some barley bread that has some rancid oil poured over it. The Prophet (ﷺ) had pawned his armour with a Jew for twenty Sa' of food that he got for his family. That day (he pawned it), I heard him saying: 'Not for one evening has the household of Muhammad had a Sa' of dates or a Sa' of grain.' And on that day he had nine wives."[Abu 'Eisa said:] This Hadith is Hasan Sahih.

Narrated 'Abbad bin Laith Al-Karabisi [Al-Basri]: "Abdul Majid bin Wahb narrated to us, he said: 'Al-'Adda' bin Khalid bin Hawdhah said to me: "Shall I not read to you a letter that was written for me from the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) ?'" He said: 'I said: "Of course." So he took out a letter for me: "This is what Al-'Adda' bin Khalid bin Hawdhah purchased from Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ): He purchased from him a slave' - or - 'a female slave, having no ailments, nor being a runaway, nor having any malicious behavior. Sold by a Muslim to a Muslim.'"[Abu 'Eisa said:] This Hadith is Hasan Gharib, we do not know of it except from 'Abbad bin Laith. More than one of the people of Hadith have reported this Hadith from him.

Narrated Ibn 'Abbas: That the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said to the people of weights and measures: "Indeed you have been entrusted with two matters that nations preceding you in the past were destroyed for."[Abu 'Eisa said:] We do not know this Hadith to be Marfu' except through the narration of Husain bin Qais, and Husain bin Qais was graded weak in Hadith. This has been reported as Maquf narration from Ibn 'Abbas with a Sahih chain of narration.

Narrated Anas bin Malik: That the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) sold a saddle blanket and a drinking bowl. He (ﷺ) said: "Who will buy saddle blanket and drinking bowl ?". So a man said: "I will take them for a Dirham." So the Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Who will give more than a Dirham ? Who will give more that a Dirham ?" A man agreed to give him two Dirham, so he sold them to him.[Abu 'Eisa said:] This Hadith is Hasan. We do not know of it except from the narration of Al-Akhdar bin 'Ajlan, and 'Abdullah Al-Hanafi who is reporting from Anas, is Abu Bakr Al-Hanafi.This is acted upon according to some of the people of knowledge, they did not see any harm in auctioning the spolis of war and inheritance.Al-Mu'tamir bin Sulaiman and others among the people of Hadith reported from Al-Akhdar bin 'Ajlan.

Narrated Jabir: "A man among the Ansar decided to free a slave of his after his death. He died but he left no wealth behind beside the slave. So the Prophet (ﷺ) sold him and Nu'aim [bin 'Abdullah] bin An-Nah-ham bought him." Jabir said: "He was Coptic slave who died during the first year of the leadership of Ibn Az-Zubair."[Abu 'Eisa said:] This Hadith is Hasan Sahih and it has been reported through more than one route from Jabir bin 'Abdullah.This Hadith is acted upon according to some of the people of knowledge among the Companions of the Prophet (ﷺ) and others. They did not see any harm in the sale of Mudabbar. This is the view of Ash-Shafi'i, Ahmad and Ishaq. There are those among people of knowledge, among the Companions of the Prophet (ﷺ) and others, who disliked selling the Mudabbar. This is the view of Sufyan Ath-Thawri, Malik and Al-Awza'i.

Narrated Ibn Mas'ud: From the Prophet (ﷺ): "He prohibited meeting the owners of the goods."[He said:] There are narrations on this topic from 'Ali, Ibn 'Abbas, Abu Hurairah, Abu Sa'eed, Ibn 'Umar, and a man from the Companions of the Prophet (ﷺ).

Narrated Abu Hurairah: "The Prophet (ﷺ) prohibited meeting the goods being brought (to the market). If someone were to meet them and buy them, then the owner of the goods retains the option when he reaches the market."[Abu 'Eisa said:] This Hadith is Hasan Gharib narration of Ayyub (a narrator). The Hadith if Ibn Mas'ud is a Hasan Sahih Hadith. There are those among the people of knowledge who disliked meeting the owners of the goods, saying that it is a type of deception. This is the view of Ash-Shafi'i, and others among our companions.

Narrated Abu Hurairah: That the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "The dweller of the town is not to sell for the Bedouin."[He said:] There are narrations on this topic from Talhah, Jabir, Anas, Ibn 'Abbas, Hakim bin Abi Yazid from his father, 'Amr bin 'Awf Al-Muzani the grandfather of Kathir bin 'Abdullah, and a man from the Companions of the Prophet (ﷺ).

Narrated Jabir: That the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "The dweller of the town is not to sell for the Bedouin, leave the people ; Allah provides for some of them through others."[Abu 'Eisa said:] The Hadith of Abu Hurairah is a Hasan Sahih Hadith, and this Hadith of Jabir is a Hasan Sahih Hadith as well.This Hadith is acted upon according to some of the people of knowledge among the Companions of the Prophet (ﷺ) and others. They dislike the dweller of the town to sell for the Bedouin, while some of them permitted the town dweller to purchase for the Bedouin. Ash-Shafi'i said: "It is disliked for the dweller of the town to sell for the Bedouin, and if he does sell, then the sale is permissible.

Narrated Abu Hurairah: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) prohibited Muhaqalah and Muzabanah.[He said:] There are narrations on this topic from Ibn 'Umar, Ibn 'Abbas, Zaid bin Thabit, Sa'd, Jabir, Rafi' bin Khadij, and Abu Sa'eed.[Abu 'Eisa said:] The Hadith of Abu Hurairah is a Hasan Sahih Hadith.Muhaqalah is selling corps for wheat, and Muzabanah is selling dates that are on the date-palm for dried dates. This is acted upon according to the most of the people of knowledge, they disliked sales of Muhaqalah and Muzabanah.

Narrated 'Abdullah bin Yazid: "Zaid, Abu Ayyash asked Sa'd regarding white wheat in exchange for barley: which of them was better ? He said the white, then he forbade that. Sa'd said: 'I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) being asked about selling dried dates for ripe dates and he said to those present: "Will the fresh dates shrink when they are dry ?" They said yes, so he forbade that.'"

Another chain of narrators with similar meaning.[Abu 'Eisa said: ] This Hadith is Hasan Sahih, and this is acted upon according to the people of knowledge. It is the view of Ash-Shafi'i and our companions.

Narrated Ibn 'Umar: "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) prohibited selling date-palms until they have blossomed."

With this (same as no. 1226) chain: "The Prophet (ﷺ) prohibited selling ears (of grain) until they have whitened (shown their kernals) and are safe from blight, he forbade it for the seller and the buyer."[He said:] There are narrations on this topic from Anas, Ibn 'Abbas, Jabir, Abu Sa'eed, and Zaid bin Thabit.[Abu 'Eisa said:] The Hadith of Ibn 'Umar is a Hasan Sahih Hadith. This is acted upon according to the people of knowledge among the Companions of the Prophet (ﷺ) and others. They dislike selling fruits before their usefulness appears, this is the view of Ash-Shafi'i, Ahmad and Ishaq.

Narrated Anas: "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) prohibited selling grapes until they appear and selling grains until they become firm."[Abu 'Eisa said:] This Hadith is Hasan Gharib, we do not know of it being Marfu' except from the narration of Hammad bin Salamah.

Narrated Ibn 'Umar: "The Prophet (ﷺ) prohibited the sale of Habalil-Habalah."[He said:] There are narrations on this topic from 'Abdullah bin 'Abbas and Abu Sa'eed Al-Khudri[Abu 'Eisa said:] The Hadith of Ibn 'Umar is Hasan Sahih Hadith. This is acted upon according to the people of knowledge. And Hababil-Habalah is the offspring of the offspring (of an animal). It is an invalid sale according to the people of knowledge and it is type of Gharar sale.Shu'bah reported this Hadith from Ayyub, from Sa'eed bin Jubair, from Ibn 'Abbas.'Abdul Wahhab Ath-Thaqafi and others reported it from Ayyub, from Sa'eed bin Jubair and Nafi', from Ibn 'Umar, from the Prophet (ﷺ), and this is more correct.

Narrated Abu Hurairah: "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) prohibited the Gharar sale, and the Hasah sale."[He said:] There are narrations on this topic from Ibn 'Umar, Ibn 'Abbas, Abu Sa'eed, and Anas.[Abu 'Eisa said:] This Hadith of Abu Hurairah is Hasan Sahih Hadith.This Hadith is acted upon according to the people of knowledge, they dislike the Gharar. Ash-Shafi'i said: "The Gharar sale includes selling fish that are in the wate, selling a slave that has escaped, selling birds that are in the sky, and similar type of sales. And the meaning of Hasah sale is when the seller says to the buyer: 'When I toss the pebble at you, then the sale between you and I is final.' This resembles the sale of Munabadhah and this is one of the selling practices of the people of Jahiliyyah."

Narrated Abu Hurairah: "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) prohibited two sales in one."There are narrations on this topic from 'Abdullah bin 'Amr, Ibn 'Umar, and Ibn Mas'ud.[Abu Eisa said:] The Hadith of Abu Hurairah is a Hasan Sahih Hadith.This is acted upon according to the people of knowledge. Some of the people of knowledge have explained it by saying that two sales in one is when one says: "I will sell you this garment for ten in cash, and twenty on credit." He does not distinguish between either of the two sales. But when he distinguishes it as being one of them, then there is no harm when one of them is agreed upon.Ash-Shafi'i said: "Included in the meaning of what the Prophet (ﷺ) prohibited of regarding two sales in one, is if one said: 'I will sell you the house of mine for that (price), upon the condition that you sell me you alve for this (price). When I get the slave, then you get the house.' In this way the sales are distinguished without the prices being known, and neither of them knows what will happen at the conclusion of it (the agreement)."